{"id":67463,"date":"2008-03-10T16:22:22","date_gmt":"2008-03-10T13:22:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chemistry.azbuki.bg\/chemistry\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-himiya-2008-g\/sp-himiya-knizhka-2-2008\/"},"modified":"2008-03-10T16:22:22","modified_gmt":"2008-03-10T13:22:22","slug":"sp-himiya-knizhka-2-2008","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/press.azbuki.bg\/en\/chemistry\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-himiya-2008-g\/sp-himiya-knizhka-2-2008\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemistry, Number 2\/2008, Volume 17"},"content":{"rendered":"

Curriculum Matters<\/span><\/h4>\n

How to Learn Hydrogen Technologies in the Secondary School<\/h3>\n

Abstract. <\/strong> It is expected the involvement of the hydrogen technologies in many industry fields to be an essential feature of the sustainable development of the mankind. That\u2019s why a positive attitude to those technologies should be shaped as soon as possible. The school provides such an opportunity. Two school subjects seem to be appropriate for successful learning of hydrogen technologies \u2013 \u2018Man and Nature\u2019 (early science education) and \u2018Chemistry and Environment\u201d (in secondary school). Ideas and proper examples for such kind of learning are presented and discussed in the present paper.
Keywords: hydrogen technologies, chemistry teaching and learning
References:
1.\t\u041c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u041c., \u042f. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0421. \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432. \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f 14, 440-445 (2005).
2.\t\u041c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u041c., \u0413. \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0415. \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0421. \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432. \u0415\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 Demi Cell (\u0441. 106-109). \u0412. \u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430 XXXV \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u201e\u0415\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f\u201d, \u0421\u044a\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, 2007.
3.\t\u041c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u041c., \u0414. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0415. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0414. \u041c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0421. \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432. \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 (\u0441. 89-92). \u0412.\u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430 XXXV \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u201e\u0415\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f\u201d, \u0421\u044a\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, 2007.
Corresponding author: v_dimitrova@mail.bg<\/p>\n

V. Dimitrova, M. Mitov, S. Manev<\/p>\nLog in to read the full text<\/a>\n

\n

Teaching Efficiency<\/span><\/h4>\n

A Study of Quality of Home Chemistry Activity Tools<\/h3>\n

Abstract. <\/strong> This paper presents a study of quality of home chemistry experiments and their worksheets, designed for 7th grade students. Some requirements about the implementation of home chemistry experiments are considered. They are directed to the experimental equipment, safety, procedures and set of didactic requirements. On the base of such demands several indicators are defined and research tools are worked out, i.e. Control chart for determination of technical quality of home experiments and Control chart for determination of didactic quality of home activity worksheets. As a result, the chemistry experiments and worksheets with good quality are selected. They are appropriated for autonomous home activity of 7th grade students in chemistry.
Keywords: home chemistry activity, home chemistry experiments, worksheets quality
References:
1.\t\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0436\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0410., \u041b. \u0411\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0417\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f 14, 280-288 (2005)
2.\tHaury, D., P. Rillero. Perspective of Hands-on Science Teaching. ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics,and Environmental Education, Columbus, 1994.
3.\tWilson, J., M. Stensvold. Improving Laboratory Instruction: An Interpretation of Research. J. College Science Teaching, 20, 350-353 (1991).
4.\t\u041c\u0430\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0417., \u041b. \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0412. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432. \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u201d\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0442 \u0420\u0438\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438\u201d, \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, 2000.
5.\tGendjova A. On the Selection of Home Chemical Experiments for Enhancing 7th Grade Pupils\u2019 Interest to Chemistry. Chemistry 15, 29-39 (2006) In Bulgarian.
6.\t\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0436\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0410., \u041b. \u0411\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441. \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f, 14 , 289-299 (2005).
7.\t\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0436\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0410. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d \u201e\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u201d, \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, 2007.
8.\t\u0411\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041b., \u0410. \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0428. \u0414\u0438\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0417. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f 7. \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441. \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441 2001, \u041f\u043bo\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432., 1998.
9.\t\u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u043d, \u041e.\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0432. \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1986.
10.\t\u041f\u0430\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041a., \u0422. \u0413\u044e\u043c\u044e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0441\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, 1981.
11.\t\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0425. \u0414\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, 1987.
12.\t\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u0415., \u0425. \u0412\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f, \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434,1985.
13.\t\u041b\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0418. , \u041b. \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0421. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u041a. \u041c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0411. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u041c. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u0427\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442 1. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, 1988.
14.\tBrent R. The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments – How To Set Up Home Laboratory \u2013 Over 200 Simple Experiments. Golden Press, New York, 1960.
15.\tGardner, M. Entertaining Science Experiments with Everyday Objects. Dover, New York, 1981.
16.\tArnold, N. Chemical Chaos. Scholastic, London, 1998.
17.\tVanCleave, J. Chemistry for Every Kid: 101 Easy Experiments that Really Work. Jossey-Bass, 1989.
18.\tParrill, A.L. Everyday Chemical Reactions: A Writing Assignment to Promote Synthesis of Concept and Relevance in Chemistry. J. Chem. Educ. 77, 1303-1304 (2000).
19.\tVan Doren, J. M., L.P. Nestor, W.B. Knighton. Engaging Students in the Action of Chemistry: An Effective, Fun, and Inexpensive Outreach Program. J. Chem. Educ. 74, 1178 – 1179 (1997).
20.\tCobb, V. Science Experiments You Can Eat. Harper Trophy, New York, 1984.
21.\tD\u2019Amico J., K.E. Drummond. The Science Chef: 100 Fun Food Experiments and Recipes for Kids. Jossey-Bass, 1994.
22.\t\u0411\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0413., \u041b. \u0411\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041c. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u041c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f. 7 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, 2003.
Author’s E-Mail: agendjova@chem.uni-sofia.bg<\/p>\n

A. Gendjova<\/p>\n

\n

Teaching Chemical Experiment<\/span><\/h4>\n

The Economic Demonstrator: Prepare It Once, Use It Many Times. III. Phenomena of Discontinous Thermochromism<\/h3>\n

Abstract. <\/strong> Sealed ampoules containing solids that show pronounced thermochromism were prepared, thus continuing the series \u201cprepare it once \u2013 use it many times\u201d of the economic demonstrator. Two types of thermochromic solids were prepared: silver, copper(I) and thallium(I) tetraiodomercurate(II), on one hand, and diethylammonium tetrachloro\u00accuprate or tetrachloronickelate, on the other.
Keywords: thermochromism, discontinuous; silver tetraiodomercurate(II); copper(I) tetraiodomercurate(II); thallium(I) tetraiodomercurate; diethylammonium tetrachloro\u00accuprate(II); diethylammonium tetrachloro\u00acnickelate(II)
References:
1.\tMonković, M., V.M. Petruševski, M. Bukleski. The Economic Demonstrator: Prepare It Once, Use It Many Times. I. Continuous Thermochromism in the NO2 \u2013 N2O4 System \u2013 Equilibrium Shifts Induced by Temperature Changes. Chemistry 15, 256\u2013264 (2006).
2.\tPetruševski, V.M., M. Bukleski, M. Monković. The Economic Demonstrator: Prepare It Once, Use It Many Times. II. Continuous Thermochromism in Aqueous Solutions of Transition Metal Chlorides. Chemistry. 16, 20\u201326 (2007).
3.\tSummerlin, L.R., J.L. Ealy, Jr. Chemical Demonstrations. A Sourcebook for Teachers, Vol. 1, 2nd Edition, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1988, pp. 79\u201380.
4.\tSummerlin, L.R., J.L. Ealy, Jr. Chemical Demonstrations. A Sourcebook for Teachers, Vol. 1, 2nd Edition, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1988, pp. 83\u201384.
5.\tShakhashiri, B.Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook of Teachers of Che\u00acmistry, Volume 1. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1983, pp. 280\u2013285.
6.\tShakhashiri, B.Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook of Teachers of Che\u00acmistry, Volume 1. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1983, pp. 314\u2013317.
7.\tLavabre, D., J. Micheau, G. Levy. Comparison of Thermochromic Equilibria of Co(II) and NI(II) Complexes. J. Chem. Educ. 65, 274\u2013277 (1988).
8.\tBare, W.D., E.K. Mellon. Thermochromic Behavior of Cobalt(II) Halides in Nonaqueous Solvents and on Filter Paper. J. Chem. Educ. 68, 779\u2013780 (1991).
9.\tHughes, J.G. Thermochromic Solids. J. Chem. Educ. 75, 57 (1998).
10.\tVan Oort, M.J.M. Preparation of Simple Thermochromic Solids. J. Chem. Educ. 65, 84 (1988).
11.\tChoi, S., A. Larrabee. Thermochromic Tetrachlorocuprate (II): An Advanced Integrated Laboratory Experiment. J. Chem. Educ. 66, 774\u2013776 (1989).
12.\tChangyun, C., Z. Zhihua, Z. Yiming, D. Jiangyan. Solid State Synthesis of a Thermochromic Compound. J. Chem. Educ. 77, 1206\u20131207 (2000).
13.\tDay, J.H. Thermochromism of Inorganic Compounds. Chem. Rev. 68, 649\u2013657 (1968).
14.\tJaw, H.R.C., M.A. Mooney, T. Novinson, W.C. Kaska, J.I. Zink. Optical Properties of the Thermochromic Compounds Disilver Tetraiodomercurate(2-) and Dicopper Tetraiodomercurate(2-). Inorg. Chem. 26, 1387\u20131391 (1987).
15.\tRoesky, H.W., K. Mockel. Chemical Curiosities, VCH, Weinheim, 1996, pp. 249\u2013250.
16.\tAleksovska, R., M. Livneh, M. Najdoski. Thermochromism of the Macedonian Flag. Bull. Chem. Technol. Macedonia 24, 157\u2013161 (2005).
Corresponding Author: vladop@iunona.pmf.ukim.ed.mk<\/p>\n

V.M. Petrusevski, M. Bukleski<\/p>\n

\n

From the Research Laboratories<\/span><\/h4>\n

Spectrophotometric-Partial Least-Squares Calibration Method for Determination of Cobalt, Nickel, Copper and Zinc Simultaneously in Micellar Media<\/h3>\n

Abstract. <\/strong> A spectrophotometic-partial least-squares method was proposed for simultaneously determination of cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc in micellar media. Methyl thymol blue and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were used as a color reagent and a surfactant, respectively. Absorbance measurements were made in the amplitude of 560-680 nm with 1.5 nm steps in buffered solutions at pH 6. The linear ranges were obtained in the amplitude of 0.05-3.00, 0.10-4.00, 0.10-3.00 and 0.05-3.50 \u00b5g ml-1 for Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, respectively. The proposed method was used for simultaneously determination of mentioned metals in synthetic alloy samples. The satisfactory results were showed that the method was applicable for the analysis of samples with similar matrix. <\/p>\n

Keywords: partial least-squares method, Methyl thymol blue, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc
References:
Booksh, K.S., B.R. Kowalski. Theory of Analytical Chemistry, Anal. Chem. 66, 782A-791A (1994).
2. Kuswandi, B., A. Vaughan, R. Narayanaswamy. Simple Regression Model Using an Optode for the Simultaneous Determination of Zinc and Cadmium Mixtures in Aqueous Samples. Anal. Sci. 17, 181-186 (2001).
3. Ni, Y., Trace Metal Determinations by Spectrophotometry with a Double Chromogenic System and a Chemometric Approach. Anal. Chim. Acta 284, 199-205 (1993).
4. Marengo, E., M.C. Gennaro, D. Giacosa, C. Abrigo, G. Saini, M.T. Avignone. How Chemometrics Can Helpfully Assist in Evaluating Environmental Data. Lagoon Water. Anal. Chim. Acta 317, 53-63 (1995).
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Corresponding Author: HR_POURETEDAL@mut-es.ac.ir<\/p>\n

H.R. Pouretedal, M.H. Keshavarz, A. Semnani, M. Rafat<\/p>\n

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Curriculum Matters How to Learn Hydrogen Technologies in the Secondary School \u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435. It is expected the involvement of the hydrogen technologies in many industry fields to be an essential feature of the sustainable development of the mankind. That\u2019s why a positive attitude to those technologies should be shaped as soon as possible. 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