{"id":219450,"date":"2025-11-12T11:41:48","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T09:41:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/?p=219450"},"modified":"2026-01-13T13:28:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T11:28:08","slug":"sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/press.azbuki.bg\/en\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/","title":{"rendered":"Philosophy, Number 4\/2025, Volume 34"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kant\u2019s Contributions to the Concept of the \u2018State of Nature\u2019<\/h3>\n

Hristo Gyoshev<\/strong><\/p>\n

New Bulgarian University<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-01<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>. The text examines Kant\u2019s contributions to the concept \u2018state of nature\u2019 in terms of its content, as well as its application in the fields of international law and politics. The theoretical development of this concept in Kant\u2019s later philosophy, as it is presented in his law doctrine and that of the eternal peace, is analyzed in terms of its applicability to the particular normative problems surrounding the colonization of America. As I argue in the paper, Kant\u2019s contributions in these contexts are rooted in the explanation of the mechanism of man\u2019s gradual liberation from the state of nature, resembling Adam Smith\u2019s \u2018invisible hand\u2019 argument, and in his concepts of property and hospitality, which have the potential of interpreting the problem of just distribution of the American land in the process of colonization.<\/p>\n

Keywords<\/em>: Immanuel Kant, State of nature, Universal history, Eternal peace, Cosmopolitan law, Property, Hospitality.<\/p>\n

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Mediate and Immediate in the Judgement of Taste<\/h3>\n

Iassen Zahariev<\/strong><\/p>\n

New Bulgarian University<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-02<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract.<\/strong> The article examines the problem of the immediacy of taste in the philosophy of the 18th century and in particular in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. In modern aesthetics, it is taken for granted that the judgment of taste is immediate due to its relation to the feelings of pleasure and displeasure. The main thesis in the text is that the premise of the immediacy of aesthetic taste is false. For this purpose, the article analyses in detail Kant’s theory of taste compared to the ideas of other philosophers such as Hume, Hutcheson, Earl Shaftesbury, etc. The article demonstrates through arguments and examples that even the sensory taste is conditioned by preliminary attitudes and expectations. The text also examines the prerequisites that determine the judgment of taste in arts. Finally, the article suggests an open possibility of a critique of foretaste.<\/p>\n

Key words: <\/em>judgement, taste, foretaste, immediacy, aesthetics, Kant, Hume<\/p>\n

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The Encompassing and the Mystery: Karl Jaspers and Ren\u00e9 Magritte<\/h3>\n

Antoaneta Doncheva<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plovdiv University \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Georgi Kapriev<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sofia University<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-03<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>. <\/strong>The article examines the philosophical programs of Karl Jaspers and Ren\u00e9 Magritte, approached as two convergent series. Both belong to that sphere of European rationalism which emphasizes the non-autonomy of what is merely empirically ascertainable. Transcendence\u2014conceived not as detached from the being in which we dwell \u2013 endows concrete objectivity with true being and a sense that surpasses mere functionality, making it knowable in its very essence, rendering authentic human existence possible. In this way, both thinkers take their place within a powerful philosophical tradition whose origins lie in Hellenic culture and which continues to unfold to this day.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Karl Jaspers, Ren\u00e9 Magritte, the Encompassing, the Mystery, Ciphers, Disturbing Objects<\/p>\n

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Modal Variation and Counterpart Theory<\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Blagovest S. Mollov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sofia University<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-04<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>. The text outlines the structure and the main strategies for solving the problem of modal variation. The reasons for the inadequacy of the options of rejecting the premises of modal tolerance and the necessity of tolerance or accepting the hyper-tolerance conclusion are indicated. I argue that, despite its notorious counter-intuitivity, counterpart theory can be considered to be the most promising approach to the problem.<\/p>\n

Keywords<\/em>: modal tolerance, Chisholm\u2019s paradox, transworld identity, haecceitism, hyper-essentialism, counterpart theory<\/p>\n

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In the Name of the Vulnerable Groups<\/h3>\n

Stilian Yotov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sofia University<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-05<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>. The present paper has two main aims: First, to stress an aspect of the capabilities approach, which places the vulnerability of certain groups of people at the center of its considerations; second, to use the developed theoretical scheme as a prism, through which to analyze several typical cases of (non)respect for vulnerability for Bulgaria and the Bulgarian legal system.<\/p>\n

Keywords<\/em>: vulnerability as dependence, vulnerable groups, additional duties & additional rights<\/p>\n

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Well-being and Volunteering: Philosophical Aspects of their Interrelation<\/h3>\n

Ralitsa Veleva
\n<\/strong>University of National and World Economy<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-06<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>. <\/strong>This article explores the philosophical interrelation between well-being (individual and societal) and volunteering. It argues that volunteering is not merely an altruistic act but also an essential component of the \u201cgood life\u201d in an ethical and eudaimonic sense. The paper traces classical and contemporary conceptions of well-being \u2013 from Aristotelian eudaimonism and Epicurean hedonism to modern hybrid theories that combine subjective and objective dimensions of human flourishing. It examines diverse philosophical interpretations of volunteering: as virtue, duty, utilitarian utility, existential freedom, and responsibility toward the Other. On this basis, it analyzes how engagement in voluntary service contributes to life\u2019s sense of meaning, the formation of ethical identity, and the realization of key human capabilities.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> well-being, volunteering, ethics, meaning, altruism<\/p>\n

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Aristotle, Benjamin Constant, and Bulgarian Democracy: A Philosophical Assessment of Bulgaria\u2019s Democratic Trajectory, 1989 \u2013 2021<\/h3>\n

Yuliy Yuliev<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-07<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>. <\/strong>This article examines the democratic development of Bulgaria during the period 1989 \u2013 2021 through the lens of political philosophy, focusing on the ideas of Aristotle and Benjamin Constant. Applying Aristotle\u2019s principles of virtuous political regimes and the importance of a strong middle class, the analysis identifies three major challenges within this historical timeframe: the lack of an enlightened understanding of political rights, the absence of a robust middle class, and an oligarchic model of governance that tends to serve narrow interests rather than the common good. Drawing on Constant\u2019s call for moral and civic education to increase political participation, the article argues that non-governmental organizations providing informal education play a crucial role in cultivating competent, virtuous citizens capable of addressing these issues. It concludes that the widespread development of civic competencies, driven by NGO-led informal education, is essential for strengthening Bulgarian democracy by expanding the middle class, promoting media literacy, and fostering an informed understanding of positive liberty and political rights.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Aristotle, Benjamin Constant, Bulgaria, Democracy, Politics, Political Philosophy<\/p>\n

SEE MORE<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u201e\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u201c \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0413\u044c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432 \u041d\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-01 Abstract. The text examines Kant\u2019s contributions to the concept \u2018state of nature\u2019 in terms of its content, as well as its application in the fields of international law and politics. The theoretical development of this concept in Kant\u2019s later philosophy, as it […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":124332423427287,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[]},"categories":[10485],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0421\u043f. \u201e\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u201c, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0430 4\/2025, \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 XXXIV - \u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.azbuki.bg\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0421\u043f. \u201e\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u201c, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0430 4\/2025, \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 XXXIV - \u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u201e\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u201c \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0413\u044c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432 \u041d\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-01 Abstract. The text examines Kant\u2019s contributions to the concept \u2018state of nature\u2019 in terms of its content, as well as its application in the fields of international law and politics. 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\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/philosophy.azbuki.bg\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0421\u043f. \u201e\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u201c, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0430 4\/2025, \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 XXXIV - \u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438","og_description":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u201e\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u201c \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0413\u044c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432 \u041d\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/phil2025-04-01 Abstract. The text examines Kant\u2019s contributions to the concept \u2018state of nature\u2019 in terms of its content, as well as its application in the fields of international law and politics. The theoretical development of this concept in Kant\u2019s later philosophy, as it […]","og_url":"https:\/\/philosophy.azbuki.bg\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/","og_site_name":"\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Azbuki55\/","article_published_time":"2025-11-12T09:41:48+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-01-13T11:28:08+00:00","author":"\u201e\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438\u201c","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"\u201e\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438\u201c","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/philosophy.azbuki.bg\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/philosophy.azbuki.bg\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/"},"author":{"name":"\u201e\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438\u201c","@id":"https:\/\/vocedu.azbuki.bg\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/de220d282eaa494f914ce0fd838645dd"},"headline":"\u0421\u043f. \u201e\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u201c, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0430 4\/2025, \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 XXXIV","datePublished":"2025-11-12T09:41:48+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-13T11:28:08+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/philosophy.azbuki.bg\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/"},"wordCount":1041,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/vocedu.azbuki.bg\/en\/#organization"},"articleSection":["\u0421\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f. \u201c\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u201d, 2025 \u0433."],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/philosophy.azbuki.bg\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/","url":"https:\/\/philosophy.azbuki.bg\/philosophy\/sadarzhanie-na-sp-filosofiya-2025-g\/sp-filosofiya-knizhka-4-2025-godina-xxxiv\/","name":"\u0421\u043f. \u201e\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u201c, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0430 4\/2025, \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 XXXIV - 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